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</style><div id="Army_units_and_organization2043" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Military_organization" title="Military organization"><span class="wrap">Army units and organization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Sub-subunit" title="Sub-subunit">Subordinated<br>element</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fireteam" title="Fireteam">Fireteam</a> / <a href="Crew" title="Crew">Crew</a>  <b>Ø</b> </li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Squad" title="Squad">Squad</a>  ● </li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Section_(military_unit)" title="Section (military unit)">Section</a> / <a href="Patrol" title="Patrol">Patrol</a>  ●●</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Platoon" title="Platoon">Platoon</a> / <a href="Troop" title="Troop">Troop</a> / <a href="Flight_(military_unit)#Ground_flights" title="Flight (military unit)">Flight</a> ●●● </li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Staffel_(unit)" title="Staffel (unit)">Staffel</a> / Echelon  ●●●● </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">Company</a> / <a href="Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Battery</a> / <a href="Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">Squadron</a> <b>❘</b> </li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Battalion" title="Battalion">Battalion</a> / <a href="Squadron_(army)" title="Squadron (army)">Squadron</a> / <a href="Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">Cohort</a> <b>❘ ❘</b> </li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiment</a> / <a href="Group_(military_unit)#Groups_in_armies" title="Group (military unit)">Group</a>  <b>❘ ❘ ❘</b>  </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> / <a href="Group_(military_aviation_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (military aviation unit)">Group</a> / <a href="Wing_(military_aviation_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing (military aviation unit)">Wing</a> <b>☓</b> </li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a> / <a href="List_of_military_legions" title="List of military legions">Legion</a> <b>☓☓</b> </li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a> <b>☓☓☓</b> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Field_army" title="Field army">Field army</a> / <a href="Command_(military_formation)" title="Command (military formation)">Command</a> <b>☓☓☓☓</b> </li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Army_group" title="Army group">Army group</a> / <a href="Front_(military_formation)" title="Front (military formation)">Front</a> <b>☓☓☓☓☓</b> </li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Region#Military_regions" title="Region">Region</a> / <a href="Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a> <b>☓☓☓☓☓☓</b> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Temporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Detachment_(military)" title="Detachment (military)">Detachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Chalk_(military)" title="Chalk (military)">Chalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrol#Military" title="Patrol">Patrol</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_force" title="Field force">Field force</a></li>

<li><a href="Task_force" title="Task force">Task force</a></li>

<li><a href="Brigade_group" title="Brigade group">Brigade group</a></li>

<li><a href="Combat_command" title="Combat command">Combat command</a></li>

<li><a href="Regimental_combat_team" title="Regimental combat team">Regimental combat team</a></li>

<li><a href="Battalion_tactical_group" title="Battalion tactical group">Battalion tactical group</a></li>

<li><a href="Battlegroup_(army)" title="Battlegroup (army)">Battlegroup</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_army_(military_unit)" title="Group army (military unit)">Group army</a></li>

<li><a href="Combat_team" title="Combat team">Combat team</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<p>A <b>flying column</b> is a small, independent, <a href="Military_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military formation">military land unit</a> capable of rapid mobility and usually composed of <a href="Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">all arms</a>. It is often an <i><a href="Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a></i> unit, formed during the course of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911585_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911585-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term is usually, though not necessarily, applied to forces less than the strength of a <a href="Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911585_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911585-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mobility is its primary purpose, a flying column is accompanied by the minimum of equipment. It generally uses suitable fast transport; historically, horses were used, with trucks and helicopters replacing them in modern times.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Flying columns are mentioned by <a href="Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> in his <i><a href="Art_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of War">Art of War</a></i> in such a fashion that indicates it was not a new concept at the time of his writing. This dates to at least the middle 6th century BC, and possibly the late 8th century BC.

</p><p>The <a href="Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> made good use of the flying columns in the early imperial era. One such commander, the <a href="Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> <a href="Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus Caesar</a> used flying columns to great effect in the early stages of the campaign against one of Rome's greatest enemies, <a href="Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>. Scouts, raiders, and <a href="Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">screening</a> forces were used against the <a href="Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes responsible for destroying three Roman legions (the 17th, 18th, and 19th) in the <a href="Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a>.

</p><p><a href="Boer_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Commando">Boer <i>kommandos</i></a> in 17th–20th-century <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> may be regarded as a form of flying column (unlike <a href="Commando" title="Commando">commandos</a> in the more recent sense). The mobile columns employed against Boer forces, by <a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> forces in the <a href="Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">South African War</a> of 1899–1902, were usually of the strength of two <a href="Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> of <a href="Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, a battery of <a href="Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, and a squadron of <a href="Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>, almost exactly half that of a <a href="Mixed_brigade" title="Mixed brigade">Mixed brigade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911585_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911585-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Flying columns have also been used in <a href="Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>, notably the mobile armed units of the <a href="Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> during the <a href="Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> 1919–1921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_staff2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_staff2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>During this period, the most successful Irish flying columns in terms of casualties inflicted on the police and military were the west Connemara, the south Mayo and the west Mayo column under the command of <a href="Michael_Kilroy" title="Michael Kilroy">Michael Kilroy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1919, Polish officer <a href="Stanis%C5%82aw_Maczek" title="Stanisław Maczek">Stanisław Maczek</a> created a flying company made of a battle-hardened infantry, using horses for mobility, and a lot of machineguns for fire power. They were part of the <a href="4th_Infantry_Division_(Poland)" title="4th Infantry Division (Poland)">4th Infantry Division (Poland)</a>.

</p><p>In the 1920s, <a href="Defence_Scheme_No._1" title="Defence Scheme No. 1">Defence Scheme No. 1</a>, the proposed Canadian response to an <a href="War_Plan_Red" title="War Plan Red">invasion</a> by the United States, <a href="James_Sutherland_Brown" title="James Sutherland Brown">Lt. Col. James "Buster" Brown</a> suggested "immediate dispatch of flying columns on the declaration of war"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to counter-invade across the border and enact a <a href="Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth policy</a>, forcing the US to divert military resources towards the defense of its northern cities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>During and shortly after the <a href="Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> of 1941, British forces employed flying columns code-named <i><a href="Kingcol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingcol">Kingcol</a></i>, <i><a href="Mercol" title="Mercol">Mercol</a></i> and <i><a href="Gocol" title="Gocol">Gocol</a></i>. <i>Kingcol</i> advanced into Iraq from <a href="Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>.

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<ul><li><a href="Jock_column" title="Jock column">Jock column</a></li>

<li><a href="Combe_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Combe Force">Combe Force</a></li>

<li><a href="Durruti_Column" title="Durruti Column">Durruti Column</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_Range_Desert_Group" title="Long Range Desert Group">Long Range Desert Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Kampfgruppe" title="Kampfgruppe">Kampfgruppe</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911585-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911585_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911585_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911585_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 585.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_staff2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_staff2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC_staff2011">BBC staff 2011</a>.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCrowleyÓ_DrisceoilMurphyBorgonovo2017" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, John; Ó Drisceoil, Donal; Murphy, Michael; Borgonovo, John; Hogan, Nick, eds. (2017). <i>Atlas of the Irish Revolution</i>. New York: NYU Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4798-3428-0</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1001466881">1001466881</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19751217&id=lfcLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=91cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5040,363043">"The Evening Independent - Google News Archive Search"</a>. <i>news.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510054638/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19751217&id=lfcLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=91cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5040,363043">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txyUtjVfi6w">"YouTube"</a>. <i>www.youtube.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217062258/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txyUtjVfi6w">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBBC_staff2011" class="citation cs2">BBC staff (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro224.shtml"><i>A Short History of Ireland: Terror and Reprisal</i></a>, BBC Northern Ireland.<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2011</span></cite></li></ul>

<p><b>Attribution:</b>

</p>

<ul><li>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Flying_column" class="extiw external" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Flying column">Flying column</a>". <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 585.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFJim_Maher1988" class="citation book cs1">Jim Maher (1988). <i>The Flying Column – West Kilkenny 1916–1921</i>. Geography Publications.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-01-26" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Flying_column&oldid=1271871011">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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